Wednesday, May 22, 2013

Tackling The Veterinary Terminology: Prefixes (hemo-)

Remember the Spelling Bee? Big words are easier to tackle when you understand how they're put together. Veterinary terms are composed in the same way. Just like with other words, the main parts of a veterinary term are a prefix, a root, and a suffix. The difference is that they typically come more directly from Greek or Latin.

A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify its meaning by providing additional information. It usually indicates number, location, time, or status.
hemo- [hemō] - from Greek - having to do with blood

This prefix can come in various forms, such as hem-, hemo-, hema- and so on. All of these variations indicate that the issue has something to do with blood.

Image Interactive Biology

Hemorrhage, for example, is a very common word, indicating bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel. The -rrhage suffix, btw, stands for an excessive or abnormal flow.

Are you starting to see how things fit together?

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is a potentially life-threatening intestinal disease with severe symptoms, one of which, obviously, is bloody diarrhea. While gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the GI tract, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is all that plus profound bleeding.

Hemoglobin is another example you're familiar with, it's the oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells. Hemoglobinuria is abnormal presence of hemoglobin in urine.

Hemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells. Hemolytic anemia is a deficiency of oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood as a result of destruction of red blood cells. In dogs, it is typically an autoimmune condition, IMHA (Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia). However, other things, such as zinc toxicosis, can lead to destruction of red blood cells.

Hematoma is the accummulation of blood within tissue, such as the ears, caused by ruptured blood vessels.

Hemangiosarcoma is a cancer of blood vessels. Hemangioma is a benign tumor of blood vessels.

These are just a few examples, but I'm sure you get the picture.

***

Related articles:
Veterinary Suffixes (-itis)
Veterinary Suffixes (-oma) 
Veterinary Suffixes (-pathy)  
Veterinary Suffixes (-osis) 
Veterinary Suffixes (-iasis) 
Veterinary Suffixes (-tomy) 
Veterinary Suffixes (-ectomy)  
Veterinary Suffixes (-scopy) 
Veterinary Suffixes (-emia)
Veterinary Suffixes (-penia)
Veterinary Suffixes (-rrhea) 
Veterinary Suffixes (-cyte) 
Veterinary Suffixes (-blast) 
Veterinary Suffixes (-opsy)
Veterinary Suffixes (-ac/-al)

Veterinary Prefixes (hyper-) 
Veterinary Prefixes (hypo-)
Veterinary Prefixes (pyo-) 
Veterinary Prefixes (myo-) 
Veterinary Prefixes (myelo-)
Veterinary Prefixes (spondylo-)
Veterinary Prefixes (cardio-) 
Veterinary Prefixes (cervic-) 
Veterinary Prefixes (osteo-) 
Veterinary Prefixes (fibro-) 
Veterinary Prefixes (broncho-)

Tuesday, May 21, 2013

DAP (Distemper, Adenovirus, Parvovirus): Fourth Year In, Still Full Immunity

Jasmine had her titers last fall. I was going write about it, but too many things kept happening … JD just had his this month.


Three years ago, when the majority of Jasmine’s medical disasters got under control, at least for the time being, I finally had a chance to start paying attention to the big picture.

I felt that in order to keep things under control I needed to look at things more globally.

This included scrutinizing Jasmine’s nutrition, and with the time for her annual DAP booster coming up, the topic of vaccinations.

As I’ve done my homework, I’ve learned that her last vaccine should be good not for one, but for three years. I brought that up to her vet.

We love her vet dearly, and he has proven himself to us time and time again.

However, he is an old time practitioner and the new AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines did not resonate with him.

We had lengthy discussions on the subject; he had his reasons and stood by them.

I knew he’s been around the block enough times. I knew he had Jasmine’s best interest in mind. I admired that, based on his knowledge and experience, he had formed his own opinion on the matter. Who was I to argue?

Deep down, however, I disagreed.

We discussed the living daylights out of the topic, until finally he said, “I guess she should be ok not getting the annual booster.”


I guess she should be ok, though, was not good enough for me.

I trusted the AAHA experts, as well as I was aware that over-vaccination was a bad thing. With Jasmine, though, I was long pass the point of taking anybody’s word for granted.

The only solution to the dilemma was to run titers and see where her immunity was truly at.

And so we did that. The lab results said that she had enough antibodies. A booster wasn’t needed. We did this every year, because I didn’t not want to subject Jasmine to unnecessary vaccination but I did not want to leave her vulnerable to the infections either.


It did cost me extra, but I had my own proof that Jasmine’s (and JD’s) individual immunity was in place.

And her vet had the proof in front of him also.

Last fall we’re at our fourth year. The antibody levels haven’t changed. Jasmine’s vet said that either vaccines are lasting long enough or she is boostered by exposure to field (wild) strains of virus.

I suppose that either could be the case. What was important to me was that she didn’t need her booster yet again.

We ran JD’s titers this spring. He also still has immunity against these viruses.

The equation is simple. The purpose of vaccination is to generate antibodies. If the antibodies are still there, what is the vaccine going to change other than excite the immune system?

As we were signing JD up for another year of veterinary care plan, I saw that a discount for titers is now also included ...

Yes, I could have saved money just insisting on following the AAHA guidelines. But this way, Jasmine's vet and I went through our own verification process and we could both have been satisfied that Jasmine truly did have the protection she needed.

I am glad I did that. If nothing else, for my own peace of mind.

Last thing I would want to do was to take chances with Jasmine's already frail health.

Related articles:
To Booster Or Not To Booster: Jasmine's Parvo and Distemper Titer Results Are Back
Veterinarians And Vaccines: A Slow Learning Curve 

Memories Of Jasmine: The Lost Forest 
Treatments Jasmine Benefited From The Most 
Memories Of Jasmine: Remix 4 
Memories Of Jasmine: Remix 3
Making The Last Decision
Memories Of Jasmine: Remix 2
Memories Of Jasmine: Remix 1
Jasmine's Last Happy Days Before The Final Crisis
The Last Act Of Love: Run Free, Jasmine
Pain, Reaction To Narcotics Or Something Else? Please Pray For Jasmine
It Just Keeps Piling Up 
I Always Thought That A UTI Would Scream It's Presence
Taking A Break From Orthopedic Issues To Deal With Inappetence, Diarrhea And Listlessness That Come And Go 
Positive Update, Though Little Clarity
Jasmine's Neck Setback Update  
Jasmine's Neck Setback  
Elbow Problem Or Root Signature? 
Back To Where We Were Last May?
Jasmine's Disc Injury: Spanking New Ramp  
Jasmine's Disc Injury: The Parole Hearing
Jasmine's Disc Injury: Mom, Why Can't I Go For A Walk?
Jasmine's Disc Injury(?) Day Three 
Jasmine's Disc Injury(?) Day Two 
A Time Bomb Ought To Go Off At Some Point, I Guess: Jasmine's Neck
OK, I Am A Sucker: We're Going Through With The SLIT 
Jasmine's Episodes: Back To The Allergies Dilemma 
This Is What Jasmine's Episode Looks Like
Gotta Try Everything Once (Or Twice): On The Quest To Figure Out Jasmine's Episodes 
Thundershirt vs. Jasmine's Episodes
Jasmine's Mysterious Swelling And Another Experience With VetLiveThe Diagnosis Is In: Jasmine Has An Interdigital Cyst
Jasmine's Mysterious Swelling And Interdigital Cyst Update  
Is Crawling Under Things Some Kind Of Secret Physical Therapy?  
Is There No Place Safe? Jasmine's Acupuncture Session
Senior Sensory Systems Function: Zero Defects  
It Looks Like A Keeper: Jasmine's New Integrative Vet 
Jasmine's Acute Lameness
Jasmine Doesn't Like "Doing Time"
Our Of Jail Free Pass
When It's Looks Too Good To Be True … The Lameness Returns
The Day Of The Treatment
First Time For Everything: A Healing Crisis(?)  
From Zero To Sixty In Four Days: Stem Cells At Work
The Calm After The Storm 
If It Was Easy, It Wouldn't Be Jasmine
Practicing What I Preach: Jasmine's Semi Annual Wellness Exam  
No Skimping On Oral Care 
I'm Still Standing! (Happy Birthday, Jasmine)
How Dogs Think (Well, Jasmine Anyway)
Jasmine is Vet-Stem's poster child!
Rant About Quality Of Life Versus Quantity, And Differential Diagnoses
Jasmine Is Headed For Her Next Stem Cell Treatment
Jasmine's Stem Cells Are In
Arthritis? What Arthritis? 
Guess Who Is An Ever-Ready Bunny And Really Liking The Bit Of Snow We Got? 
Don't Knock It Until You Tried It: Animal Chiropractic 
Jasmine's Fur Analysis
Back At Chiropractic Care 
Our Own Emergency Vet Horror (Part I)
Our Own Emergency Vet Horror (Part II) 
How The Oddysey Started: Jasmine's ACL Injury
Meet Jasmine

Monday, May 20, 2013

Adoption Monday: Daisie, Rottweiler/Labrador Retriever Mix: Toronto, ON

Very sweet, affectionate and gentle 6 month old who loves all humans and animals URGENTLY needs home.

She is being kept outdoors and neglected by people who don't want her.

Foster home doesn't have email. Please call 416 7503048 for more info.

***

For the Animals is a small, all-volunteer group which aims to find homes for unwanted dogs and cats. Whenever possible, they place our animals in foster homes where their personalities can be carefully evaluated. Their wards are all spayed and neutered before adoption to ensure that they won't contribute to the tragic, ever-expanding problem of pet overpopulation,which results in the destruction of many thousands of dogs and cats every year. 

Sunday, May 19, 2013

Memories Of Jasmine: The Lost Forest

Jasmine loved hikes in the woods. 



She loved the woods in the winter, she loved it in the spring, she loved it in the fall. Summer was trickier with the woods full of mosquitoes. In the summer we'd typically go swimming. The place we liked to go to was fairly free of mosquitoes too.

On the days it wasn't too bad, natural sprays helped. The best one kept them off for about 20 minutes at the time before it had to be re-applied. I don't think one can really expect much more from such products. It was easy enough to spray everybody again.

A very good reasons to be religious about heartworm prevention

We never skipped a treatment and we tested every spring. It takes only one mosquito to get a dog infected. We'd use heartworm prevention even if we weren't spending so much time in the woods but this way we were really very much aware of the risks.

Jasmine could spend a whole day in the woods.

Her idea of the perfect hike was the bipeds getting lost. And yes, it did happen couple of times. Once in a blizzard! We went out with her best buddy and his mom took us to an area she said she knew. She didn't expect what difference a good blizzard can make. We were walking around for good four hours before finding our way back.

Of course, Jasmine thought that was just fine.

I know she knew every time we made a wrong turn. She had that look on her face, "you sure you wanna go this way? Fine with me, I ain't stopping you."

It wasn't dark yet, we still had treats ...

I'm sure she would have gotten us home in time for dinner.



The second time I managed to get lost in the summer, taking the guys for a hike around the horse farm. It was a hot day and I was avoiding open areas with direct sun. With the challenging terrain, you go around this thing and another and you think you still know where you are ...

When it was time to go back, I took a direction which I thought was gonna take us back.

I saw a clearing, headed towards that. 

Except ... it was a totally different meadow than it should have been! Where the heck were we?

I felt I still knew in which direction the farm should have been (and I was right, actually) and took path going that way. The path had horse poop on it, should take us to the horse farm, right? Except, somehow the path wiggled its way round and round and right back to where we started. It was like the Blair Witch Project!


And again, Jasmine was looking at me whether I was sure I wanted to go that way ... "If you insist ... I'm happy hanging around here as long as you want," her expression was saying.

We found a campground of sorts.

I didn't really know how big the area was and how much more lost we could or couldn't get. As much as Jasmine loved being lost in the woods (well, I was, she wasn't), I decided not to take any chances and get to the phone before we lost that also.

As it turned out, the name of the campground was Lost Forrest! I kid you not. If the whole forest could get lost in there, no wonder we did...

Hubby drove up to rescue us. Yeah, I got a GPS for my birthday that year ... And used it plenty.

I'm sure Jasmine would have gotten us home in time for dinner, though.

In her own time. Because she thought the bipeds getting lost was just awesome.

***

Related articles:
Treatments Jasmine Benefited From The Most 
Memories Of Jasmine: Remix 4 
Memories Of Jasmine: Remix 3
Making The Last Decision
Memories Of Jasmine: Remix 2
Memories Of Jasmine: Remix 1
Jasmine's Last Happy Days Before The Final Crisis
The Last Act Of Love: Run Free, Jasmine
Pain, Reaction To Narcotics Or Something Else? Please Pray For Jasmine
It Just Keeps Piling Up 
I Always Thought That A UTI Would Scream It's Presence
Taking A Break From Orthopedic Issues To Deal With Inappetence, Diarrhea And Listlessness That Come And Go 
Positive Update, Though Little Clarity
Jasmine's Neck Setback Update  
Jasmine's Neck Setback  
Elbow Problem Or Root Signature? 
Back To Where We Were Last May?
Jasmine's Disc Injury: Spanking New Ramp  
Jasmine's Disc Injury: The Parole Hearing
Jasmine's Disc Injury: Mom, Why Can't I Go For A Walk?
Jasmine's Disc Injury(?) Day Three 
Jasmine's Disc Injury(?) Day Two 
A Time Bomb Ought To Go Off At Some Point, I Guess: Jasmine's Neck
OK, I Am A Sucker: We're Going Through With The SLIT 
Jasmine's Episodes: Back To The Allergies Dilemma 
This Is What Jasmine's Episode Looks Like
Gotta Try Everything Once (Or Twice): On The Quest To Figure Out Jasmine's Episodes 
Thundershirt vs. Jasmine's Episodes
Jasmine's Mysterious Swelling And Another Experience With VetLiveThe Diagnosis Is In: Jasmine Has An Interdigital Cyst
Jasmine's Mysterious Swelling And Interdigital Cyst Update  
Is Crawling Under Things Some Kind Of Secret Physical Therapy?  
Is There No Place Safe? Jasmine's Acupuncture Session
Senior Sensory Systems Function: Zero Defects  
It Looks Like A Keeper: Jasmine's New Integrative Vet 
Jasmine's Acute Lameness
Jasmine Doesn't Like "Doing Time"
Our Of Jail Free Pass
When It's Looks Too Good To Be True … The Lameness Returns
The Day Of The Treatment
First Time For Everything: A Healing Crisis(?)  
From Zero To Sixty In Four Days: Stem Cells At Work
The Calm After The Storm 
If It Was Easy, It Wouldn't Be Jasmine
Practicing What I Preach: Jasmine's Semi Annual Wellness Exam  
No Skimping On Oral Care 
I'm Still Standing! (Happy Birthday, Jasmine)
How Dogs Think (Well, Jasmine Anyway)
Jasmine is Vet-Stem's poster child!
Rant About Quality Of Life Versus Quantity, And Differential Diagnoses
Jasmine Is Headed For Her Next Stem Cell Treatment
Jasmine's Stem Cells Are In
Arthritis? What Arthritis? 
Guess Who Is An Ever-Ready Bunny And Really Liking The Bit Of Snow We Got? 
Don't Knock It Until You Tried It: Animal Chiropractic 
Jasmine's Fur Analysis
Back At Chiropractic Care 
Our Own Emergency Vet Horror (Part I)
Our Own Emergency Vet Horror (Part II) 
How The Oddysey Started: Jasmine's ACL Injury
Meet Jasmine

Saturday, May 18, 2013

Human-Dog Problem Tree - PART SEVEN

by Dino Dogan

The Nature of Modern Existence… and Dogs

I want this entry to serve as an introduction to the second branch of the Human-Dog Problem Tree.

There are two foundational principles affecting our relationship with dogs that are directly related to the conditions inherent in the nature of modern living:

  1. Our modern lives are misaligned with our biology as well as our psychology.  
  2. We are –as a society- in a transitional phase.

Let’s examine the biological misalignment first

Conventional evolutionary science places the age of human species –in our current form- at about 100 thousand years old. In other words, if you went back in time, snatched up one of the cavemen, shaved him down and gave him a bath, put him in a suit, he would be indistinguishable from any one of us walking down the street.

Sidebar: I must add that there is compelling evidence that human species are much older then 100 thousand years, by we will follow the convention for now.

What are the implications of this?

For 90% of human existence (for 90 thousand years that is), humans have spent their time hunting, scavenging, rooting and gathering.

We lived in small tribes (up to 150 people); we spent our days walking, running, following the game, greener pastures and milder weather.

By the way, who do you think was keeping us company during these walks, runs and hunts?


To deny the imprint this has left on our biology is to deny our nature.

In fact, scientists go a step further and now have evidence to show that there is such a thing as genetic memory; memory passed down from generation to generation.

Let me give you two quick examples.

Most humans have an unfounded fear of reptiles (snakes, lizards, Godzillas, etc). Why?

Scientists believe it’s because the earliest mammals were preyed on by reptiles. This has left an indelible imprint on mammalian brain that humans have inherited from their precursors.

Here is another example that might hit closer to home

How do you feel when you walk into a new situation? (A bar or a restaurant, group of unknown people, new territory, etc.)

If you are like most humans, you feel (more than) slightly unease. How come?

This is the imprint left by the 90 percenters

Those hunters/scavengers/gatherers who lived between 10 thousand and 100 thousand years ago.

How do you suppose 90 percenters felt when they encountered a new group of people? (new tribe).

Was this tribe friendly or would they kill, rape and steal?

How do you suppose 90 percenters felt when they walked into a new and unknown territory?

Probably more then a little unease, right? Who knows what dangers could come their way from these unknown parts.


This is why most people have social anxiety whenever they find themselves in new places or with new people

Our rational brain knows that there is nothing to fear, and yet…

This is the biological imprint left by the 90 percenters.

...and then

About 10 thousand years ago, humans settled and sprouted some roots. The agricultural age begun and we started growing corn, potato, rice and other staples. Since then, we quickly transitioned into the industrial age and then the information age.

Do you think our biology has had time to adjust to the changes in our environment?

Do you think our biology has had a chance to compensate for the abundance of food for example?

Look around, what do you see? Overweight, sedentary, inactive and dare I say unhappy people, right? Why?

Let me answer that with a question of my own.

Do you think we are living in harmony with our biology? Do you think we are living the way of the 90 percenters?


I’m starting to realize that I’m running long with this blog entry so we will make this a multi-part introduction; but before I wrap up, lets tie this in with human-dog relationship.

During the first 90 thousand years of human existence, we (humans) have lived much the same way our dogs did.

We roamed, they roamed.

We searched for better hunting ground; they searched for better hunting ground.

We needed them for their superior speed, sense of hearing and sense of smell; but why did dogs need us?

Despite tremendous scientific undertakings, it is not yet clear why dogs tolerate us :-)

Our lifestyle has changed, and we have adopted it without much resistance; even if it is sometimes to our own detriment.

Dogs didn't.

Dogs live closer to their core, closer to their true-self, and therefore reject our modern lifestyle. Dogs are looking at us and think “what happened to you human, you use to be cool, and look at you now”.

I joke but I hope I’ve made my point.

In the next article, we will talk about Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, 90 percenter’s psychology and the way in which dogs can help us move back to our core while transitioning as a society to the next level of global awareness.

What do you think about all this?

***

Dino Dogan is a blogger, writer, biker, dog trainer, singer/songwriter, Martial Artist. Dino is now busy with his DIY Blogger Net blog. He is also behind the great social media tool, Triberr. Hopefully one day he'll return to dog blogging. Meanwhile, you can connect with Dino on Twitter or Facebook.

Related articles:
Human-Dog Problem Tree - PART ONE
Human-Dog Problem Tree - PART TWO
Human-Dog Problem Tree - PART THREE
Human-Dog Problem Tree - PART FOUR 
Human-Dog Problem Tree - PART FIVE 
Human-Dog Problem Tree - PART SIX

Friday, May 17, 2013

Veterinary Highlights: A Gene Responsible For Atopic Dermatitis?

Researchers of the Uppsala university and Åke Hedhammar, SLU, Sweden, identified what they believe is a gene involved with atopic dermatitis (atopy).


The PKP-2 gene encodes for a protein that is crucial for formation and proper function of skin.

Atopy is a genetic predisposition to allergic skin disease. It is a condition similar to hay fever in humans, except with dogs it results in itchy skin and can lead to secondary infections.

The researchers from Uppsala University, SLU and Broad Institute, compared DNA samples from a large group of purebred German shepherd dogs affected by atopic dermatitis with the DNA coming from healthy dogs.

Certain variants of the PKP-2 gene seems to be behind increased risk of developing the disease.

This knowledge might lead to better long term treatment strategies, as well as it might allow the development of genetic screening for the disease.

It make sense that the lack of proper skin barrier would cause trouble.

Source article: Gene Associated With Eczema in Dogs Identified

Thursday, May 16, 2013

What Happens In The Dog's Body With Zinc Toxicity?

by Jennifer Coates, DVM

A West Highland White Terrier named Sierra died last month down the road from me in Denver, CO after eating just one penny. Unfortunately, the dog was in the last throes of zinc toxicosis when she was brought to a veterinary clinic and could not be saved.


At this point you might be confused, thinking, “What do zinc and pennies have to do with each other?” 

In fact, American pennies minted after 1982 (and some produced during that year) are made of 96% zinc, a much cheaper metal than copper. Other potential sources of toxic levels of zinc for dogs include Canadian pennies minted after 1996, galvanized hardware, plumbing supplies, zippers, jewelry, old toys, and zinc-containing sunblock, diaper ointment, and other lotions (e.g., calamine).

Once swallowed, zinc’s first effect is to irritate the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, which can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and a loss of appetite. 

But these are the least of the dog’s concerns. 

Zinc is easily absorbed into the blood stream. This isn’t too surprising since small amounts of zinc, derived from the diet, are essential for normal body function. Even zinc that might appear to be “locked up” in a copper-coated penny or other metallic object will eventually be set free and absorbed by the action of strong acids in the stomach.

When zinc levels reach a critical point, they start to adversely affect red blood cells. 

We don’t know exactly why, but high levels of zinc cause red blood cells to burst through a process called intravascular hemolysis. Severe intravascular hemolysis is devastating for two reasons:
  1. It destroys red blood cells leading to anemia and an inability of the blood to carry sufficient amounts of oxygen.
  2. It releases hemoglobin. Free, circulating hemoglobin (hemoglobinemia) is toxic to tissues.

Anemia and hemoglobinemia can lead to
  • weakness
  • rapid breathing
  • pale and/or yellow mucous membranes and skin
  • dark urine
  • pancreatitis
  • multiple organ failure
  • disseminated intravascular coagulation (an oftentimes fatal condition characterized by blood clotting when it shouldn’t and/or failing to clot when it should)
  • cardiopulmonary arrest

Small dogs, like Westies, are at highest risk for zinc toxicosis.

As Sierra’s case points out, it doesn’t take much zinc to have disastrous consequences on small bodies. Also, coins, bolts, etc. are less likely to get stuck in the stomach of large breed dogs and will pass out of the gastrointestinal tract before much zinc has been absorbed.

Therapy for zinc toxicosis can be successful so long as it is begun before too much damage has been done. When the source of zinc is still present, it must be removed either surgically or with an endoscope. If removal has to be delayed while the patient is stabilized, antacids can be prescribed to decrease stomach acidity and reduce the absorption of more zinc. Blood transfusions and chelation therapy (the use of substances that bind to metals and aid in their elimination from the body) is sometimes necessary in severe cases. Treatment for organ failure and/or disseminated intravascular coagulation may also be necessary. Once the source of zinc is removed, blood zinc levels should return to normal in about two days.

As we all know, some dogs are willing to eat just about anything. Take special care to keep zinc-containing objects out of their reach.

***

Jennifer Coates, DVM graduated with honors from the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine in 1999.  In the years since, she has practiced veterinary medicine in Virginia, Wyoming, and Colorado.  She is the author of several books about veterinary medicine and animal care, including the Dictionary of Veterinary Terms: Vet-speak Deciphered for the Non-veterinarian

Dr. Coates has recently joined the PetMD team and she is now writing for the Fully Vetted column; great blog, do check it out.

Jennifer also writes short stories that focus on the strength and importance of the human-animal bond and freelance articles relating to a variety of animal care and veterinary topics.  Dr. Coates lives in Fort Collins, Colorado with her husband, daughter, and pets.


Articles by Dr. Coates:
Kidney Disease – Say What? 
What Happens In The Dog's Body When The Kidneys Fail To Function Properly? 
Heat Stroke: What Happens In The Dog's Body?  
The Perplexities of Pancreatitis
The Other Side Of The Coin: The Cost Of Defensive Medicine
To Neuter Or Not To Neuter… That Is The Question
Don’t Forget the Physical Therapy
Common Misdiagnoses (Part 1)
Common Misdiagnoses (Part 2)
Picking the Right Dog to Breed
When Is It An Emergency?
Dog Allergies: Common, Commonly Misdiagnosed, or Both? 
Why Does The Spleen Get No Respect?
Protect Your Dog From Snake Bites 
More Creepy Crawlies
Why I Dislike Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Salmonella – A Significant Problem, Or Not? 
What’s In the Vomit?
Cortisol: What Happens In A Dog’s Body When It Goes Awry? 
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